Array ( [name] => Forensic Architecture [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/ [icon] => https://forensic-architecture.org/favicon.ico [donationUri] => [items] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide [title] => A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza since October 2023 [timestamp] => 1729807200 [author] => [content] => Since October 2023, we have closely monitored Israel’s military campaign in Gaza and the resulting extensive civilian harm. Comprehensive cartographic analysis, published as a web platform and in-depth report, reveals patterns of violence which indicate a systematic and organised campaign to destroy life, conditions necessary for life, and life-sustaining infrastructure. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [1] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/when-it-stopped-being-a-war [title] => 'When it Stopped Being a War': The Situated Testimony of Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah [timestamp] => 1729116000 [author] => [content] => On 17 October 2023, a massive explosion at al-Ahli Hospital in Gaza City killed hundreds of civilians sheltering in a courtyard. Together with Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah, a reconstructive surgeon working in the hospital when the blast occurred, we reconstructed the strike and its consequences. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [2] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/swakopmund [title] => German Colonial Genocide in Namibia: Swakopmund [timestamp] => 1728943200 [author] => [content] => During their genocidal campaign against the indigenous Ovaherero and Nama, German colonial troops established concentration camps across today’s Namibia. The largest was in the port town of Swakopmund, a logistics hub built by forced labour. Working with local activists, we reconstructed the town as it was at that time, revealing the location of Swakopmund's concentration camp for the first time. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [3] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/chemical-fire-marathon-refinery [title] => Chemical Fire at Marathon Refinery [timestamp] => 1725832800 [author] => [content] => When a leaking petrochemical tank at the Marathon Petroleum refinery in Louisiana’s ‘Cancer Alley’ caught fire, it produced a thick plume of toxic smoke that spread for miles over neighbouring communities. Authorities claimed that nearby residents were unaffected, even as reports of severe health impacts emerged. Fearing a cover-up, some of those residents asked FA to investigate. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [4] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/shark-island [title] => German Colonial Genocide in Namibia: Shark Island [timestamp] => 1719525600 [author] => [content] => During their genocidal campaign against the Ovaherero and Nama between 1904 and 1908, German colonial troops established five concentration camps across German Southwest Africa. Shark Island, also known as ‘Death Island’, was the most notorious. FA and Forensis worked with descendants of the camp’s victims and survivors to reconstruct this space of trauma, which today faces new threats of erasure. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [5] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-hind-rajab [title] => The Killing of Hind Rajab [timestamp] => 1718920800 [author] => [content] => On 29 January 2024, a six-year-old Palestinian girl in Gaza City, Hind Rajab, pleaded over the phone for emergency workers to rescue her from a bullet-ridden car. Her body was found two weeks later, alongside the bodies of six of her family members. FA was asked by Al Jazeera’s Fault Lines to investigate the circumstances of their killing. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [6] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-grenfell-tower-fire-situated-testimonies [title] => The Grenfell Tower Fire: Situated Testimonies [timestamp] => 1717452000 [author] => [content] => The Grenfell Tower Fire was a generational tragedy for London and the UK, ultimately claiming 72 lives. Using a technique called 'situated testimony', we produced seven video interviews with bereaved family members, survivors, and nearby residents, aided by a 3D model of the tower and its surrounding environment. These interviews were screened for the first time as part of Grenfell Testimony Week. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [7] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/airstrike-in-tel-al-sultan-israel-attacks-its-own-humanitarian-zones [title] => Airstrike in Tel al-Sultan: Israel attacks its own ‘humanitarian zones’ [timestamp] => 1717106400 [author] => [content] => An Israeli airstrike on a tent camp filled with displaced civilians west of Rafah prompted outrage, since the attack killed at least 45 people in an area previously declared 'safe' by Israeli social media posts and leaflets. Here, we highlight how Israel's inconsistent and contradictory guidance leaves international media confused, and Palestinian civilians exposed to mortal danger. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [8] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/mass-burials-at-al-shifa-hospital [title] => Mass Burials at al-Shifa Hospital [timestamp] => 1712700000 [author] => [content] => Human remains surfaced amongst the ruins of al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza after Israeli forces withdrew on 1 April 2024. Our analysis of visual evidence of the destruction of al-Shifa reveals that the bodies of those killed during the second invasion were bulldozed and that four makeshift burial grounds—including a mass grave—created after the first invasion were desecrated. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [9] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/attacks-on-aid-in-gaza-preliminary-findings [title] => Attacks on Aid in Gaza: Preliminary Findings [timestamp] => 1714082400 [author] => [content] => As part of an in-depth investigation into Israel’s attacks on aid in Gaza since October 2023, we are releasing a series of preliminary findings and a map of the attacks we have documented to date. Our analysis shows the systematic targeting of civilians seeking aid, aid infrastructure, aid convoys, and personnel responsible for aid distribution. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [10] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/german-colonial-genocide-in-namibia-the-hornkranz-massacre [title] => German Colonial Genocide in Namibia: The Hornkranz Massacre [timestamp] => 1712872800 [author] => [content] => On 12 April 1893, German troops attacked the Nama settlement of ||Nâ‡gâs, also known as Hornkranz, located in present-day Namibia. This was the little-known first chapter in a genocidal campaign against the Nama and Ovaherero that culminated between 1904 and 1908. We worked with descendants to reconstruct the lost settlement and support Nama claims for access to and preservation of the site. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [11] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/german-arms-exports-to-israel-supported [title] => German Arms Exports to Israel [timestamp] => 1712008800 [author] => [content] => Despite widespread recognition of the growing risk of genocide in Gaza, Germany continues to offer military support to Israel through the supply of arms. Our report on past, current, and potential future arms export licences and deliveries from Germany to Israel supports an urgent application filed by Berlin-based lawyers on behalf of Palestinians in Gaza to stop all such exports. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [12] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-gaza [title] => ‘No traces of life’: Israel’s Ecocide in Gaza 2023-2024 [timestamp] => 1711666800 [author] => [content] => Since October 2023, the Israeli military has systematically targeted agricultural land and infrastructure in Gaza. Marking the occasion of Land Day in Palestine, our investigation reveals that the widespread destruction of orchards and greenhouses in Gaza is a deliberate act of ecocide that supports Israel’s genocidal campaign. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [13] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/humanitarian-violence-in-gaza [title] => Humanitarian Violence in Gaza [timestamp] => 1710370800 [author] => [content] => Since 7 October 2023, the Israeli military has abused and weaponised humanitarian measures such as ‘evacuation orders’, ‘safe routes’, and ‘safe zones’ to facilitate the systematic mass displacement of the Palestinian civilian population toward the southern border of Gaza. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [14] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/assessment-israeli-material-icj-jan-2024 [title] => An Assessment of Visual Material Presented by the Israeli Legal Team at the ICJ [timestamp] => 1708902000 [author] => [content] => Forensic Architecture’s analysis of the visual material presented by the Israeli legal team at the ICJ hearing on 12 January 2024 found multiple instances of misrepresentation, mislabelling, and misleading descriptions. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [15] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/israeli-disinformation-al-ahli-hospital [title] => Israeli Disinformation: al-Ahli Hospital [timestamp] => 1707951600 [author] => [content] => The devastating explosion at the al-Ahli hospital came to epitomise the information war surrounding Israel’s post-7 October invasion of Gaza. Working from open source evidence, we used techniques including 3D trajectory analysis to disprove fundamental claims made by Israel about the cause of the blast. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [16] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-murder-of-june-knightly [title] => The Murder of June Knightly [timestamp] => 1708297200 [author] => [content] => June 'T-Rex' Knightly was murdered while preparing to protect a racial justice protest, by a perpetrator inspired by toxic rhetoric from right-wing influencers and politicians. Four others were seriously wounded. False statements by Portland’s police after the attack implied the victims provoked the mass shooting. We worked with survivors to reconstruct the event, and challenge the police account. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [17] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/destruction-of-medical-infrastructure-in-gaza [title] => Destruction of Medical Infrastructure in Gaza [timestamp] => 1703026800 [author] => [content] => Since 7 October 2023, we have aggregated news reports of Israeli military attacks on medical infrastructure in Gaza. Our analysis suggests that hospitals in Gaza have been subjected to a pattern of intimidation, direct targeting, siege, and occupation by the Israeli military over the course of the 2023 invasion. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [18] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-sammy-baker [title] => The Killing of Sammy Baker [timestamp] => 1695852000 [author] => [content] => 23-year-old Sammy went to Amsterdam to celebrate his birthday with friends. Three days later, after an episode of mental health crisis, Sammy was shot to death by police, who claim he threatened them with a knife. At the request of Sammy's family, FA and Forensis examined the video evidence and police testimony, while reconstructing Sammy's body position at the moment of the shots. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [19] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-forest-under-detection [title] => The Forest Under Detection [timestamp] => 1639090800 [author] => [content] => Using spatial, image, and data analysis, we investigate the history of the Colombian states' cartographic domination of the Nukak people in the department of Guaviare. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [20] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-pylos-shipwreck [title] => The Pylos Shipwreck [timestamp] => 1688680800 [author] => [content] => On 14 June 2023, a boat carrying hundreds of migrants sank inside the Greek search and rescue zone in the Mediterranean Sea—the deadliest migrant shipwreck in recent history. Our digital reconstruction of the boat and mapping of its trajectory reveal inconsistencies in the Hellenic Coast Guard’s (HCG) account and indicate that over 600 people drowned as the result of a failed towing by the HCG. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [21] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-dilan-cruz [title] => The Killing of Dilan Cruz [timestamp] => 1693951200 [author] => [content] => During the 2019 'national strike' demonstrations in Colombia, 18-year-old protester Dilan Cruz was shot by a bean bag round fired by police in Bogotá, and died two days later. The Colombian Attorney General subsequently published a report defending the killing and accusing Cruz of being part of a mob; our investigation shows how this conclusion derives from a misreading of the visual evidence. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [22] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/executions-and-mass-graves-in-tantura-23-may-1948 [title] => Executions and Mass Graves in Tantura, 23 May 1948 [timestamp] => 1684879200 [author] => [content] => Our investigation reveals new evidence about massacres conducted in the Palestinian village of Tantura by Israeli forces after its occupation on 22-23 May 1948 and subsequent depopulation. Launched on the 75th anniversary of the Nakba, it brings together testimonies and photographic evidence to locate several mass graves in which the victims were buried—including one previously unidentified. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [23] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-nebelivka-hypothesis [title] => The Nebelivka Hypothesis [timestamp] => 1684360800 [author] => [content] => In partnership with David Wengrow, this project combines archaeological science with the tools of Forensic Architecture to examine the 6,000-year-old remains of the city of Nebelivka. By reading the soil as an archaeological artefact in its own right, a lost tradition of urban life is unearthed, offering a lens through which to interrogate core assumptions about urban space, power, and ecology. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [24] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/tear-gas-tuesday-in-downtown-portland [title] => 'Tear Gas Tuesday' in Downtown Portland [timestamp] => 1681682400 [author] => [content] => Over the summer of 2020, Portland's police force deployed large amounts of tear gas to suppress local demonstrations against racialised police violence. Focusing on a single representative day—2 June 2020—we simulated the path of the toxic tear gas clouds as they spread widely across the city centre, demonstrating that the concentration levels were in serious excess of recognised safe thresholds. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [25] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-city-within-a-building-the-mariupol-drama-theatre [title] => A City Within a Building: The Mariupol Drama Theatre [timestamp] => 1678921200 [author] => [content] => Before it was destroyed by a Russian airstrike, the Mariupol Theater was not only a key refuge in the besieged city but a unique site of solidarity and resistance. Working with Forensis and FA, the Center for Spatial Technologies assembled a vast archive of evidence and interviewed survivors of the strike to tell the story of a self-organised commune: a city within a building. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [26] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/fire-in-moria-refugee-camp [title] => Fire in Moria Refugee Camp [timestamp] => 1678057200 [author] => [content] => The fire which destroyed the Moria refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesvos was at least the 247th outbreak to have occurred in and around the overcrowded camp since 2013. Six young asylum seekers who came to be known as the 'Moria 6' were accused of arson and jailed. FA and Forensis reconstructed the fire’s spread, casting significant doubt on the basis for those convictions. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [27] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-beirut-port-explosion-destruction-of-destruction [title] => The Beirut Port Explosion: Destruction of Destruction [timestamp] => 1676588400 [author] => [content] => Following the 2020 Beirut port explosion, the city's grain silos suffered a prolonged period of steady ruination. To understand how the gradual destruction of a ruin happened behind state cordons in the nearly two-year period since the blast, Febrayer and FA reconstructed the site to present a unified account of the state’s mismanagement of this important site of material evidence and memory. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [28] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-beirut-port-explosion-the-welders [title] => The Beirut Port Explosion: The Welders [timestamp] => 1676242800 [author] => [content] => This investigation examines the validity of the most widely accepted theory to explain what triggered the deadly blast in the port of Beirut on 4 August 2020. Lebanese and international authorities, as well as the FBI and the Lebanese Internal Security, claimed the fire that in turn instigated the explosion was caused by the shoddy work of Syrian welders—but our analysis challenges these claims. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [29] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/restituting-evidence-genocide-and-reparations-in-german-colonial-namibia-phase-1 [title] => Restituting Evidence: Genocide and Reparations in German Colonial Namibia [timestamp] => 1667516400 [author] => [content] => From 1904–1908, Germany committed genocide against the Herero, Mbanderu and Nama peoples in their colony of ‘South-West Africa’ (present-day Namibia). FA/Forensis partnered with genocide activists from descendant communities to begin to produce a body of digital evidence that can be leveraged in support of demands for land restitution and reparations. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [30] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-extrajudicial-killing-of-shireen-abu-akleh-extended-report [title] => Shireen Abu Akleh: The Extrajudicial Killing of a Journalist | Extended Report [timestamp] => 1667430000 [author] => [content] => This comprehensive written report supports our investigation into our joint investigation with Al-Haq's FAI Unit into the killing of journalist Shireen Abu Akleh, detailing the methodologies we employed and including a step-by-step breakdown of the visual, audio and spatial analysis we undertook to come to each of our investigation’s conclusions. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [31] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/shireen-abu-akleh-the-targeted-killing-of-a-journalist [title] => Shireen Abu Akleh: The Extrajudicial Killing of a Journalist [timestamp] => 1663624800 [author] => [content] => On 11 May 2022, while reporting on a raid by Israeli occupying forces on the Jenin refugee camp, Palestinian journalist Shireen Abu Akhleh was fatally shot by a convoy of IOF military vehicles. With Al-Haq, we showed that she and her colleagues were explicitly targeted in an unprovoked attack by an IOF marksman despite being identifiable as press, and that she was deliberately denied medical aid. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [32] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-raid-on-al-haqs-offices-18-august-2022 [title] => The Raid on Al-Haq's Offices: 18 August 2022 [timestamp] => 1663279200 [author] => [content] => On 18 August 2022, Israeli occupation forces raided the offices of Al-Haq alongside six other Palestinian human rights groups. Working with Al-Haq's new Forensic Architecture Investigation Unit, we analysed available CCTV footage to determine the circumstances of the raid and expose Israeli apartheid practices against civil society organisations. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [33] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/gold-mining-and-violence-in-the-amazon-rainforest [title] => Gold Mining and Violence in the Amazon Rainforest [timestamp] => 1662415200 [author] => [content] => This investigation demonstrates how the Bolsonaro administration’s policies led directly to a rapid spread of destructive gold mining in the Brazilian Amazon and increasing violence against Indigenous communities. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [34] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/drift-backs-in-the-aegean-sea [title] => Drift-backs in the Aegean Sea [timestamp] => 1705705200 [author] => [content] => Asylum seekers crossing the Aegean Sea are intercepted within Greek waters or arrested after they arrive on Greek shores, beaten, stripped of their possessions, and then forcefully loaded onto life rafts and left to drift back to the Turkish coast. FA/Forensis verified and mapped evidence for over 2000 such ‘drift-backs’, demonstrating the scale of this violent and illegal border defence practice. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [35] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/sheikh-jarrah [title] => Sheikh Jarrah: Ethnic Cleansing in Jerusalem [timestamp] => 1655676000 [author] => [content] => This interactive urban narrative explains the ways in which Palestinian families in Sheikh Jarrah are being forcibly displaced, and their struggle with Israeli courts and settler groups. The story traverses multiple scales starting from homes invaded by settlers, and moves to the street, neighbourhood, city and the land, showing how colonial practices and apartheid planning displace Palestinians. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [36] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/russian-strike-on-kyiv-tv-tower [title] => Russian Strike on the Kyiv TV Tower [timestamp] => 1654812000 [author] => [content] => The Russian strike on the Kyiv TV tower and the site of Babyn Yar on 1 March 2022 resulted in civilian casualties and urban destruction—but it also pierced through layers of historical strata, exposing a history of violence, genocide and negation that unfolded on the very same ground. This is the first installation in a new long-term collaboration with the Center for Spatial Technologies. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [37] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/racist-terror-attack-in-hanau-the-police-operation [title] => Racist Terror Attack in Hanau: The Police Operation [timestamp] => 1654120800 [author] => [content] => On 19 February 2020, nine people were murdered in a racist terror attack in Hanau, Germany. After the attack, the perpetrator went to his house, where he killed his mother, and himself. Police knew the perpetrator’s address early on but did not storm the house for almost five hours. We were asked by the victims’ families and the Initiative 19. Februar to examine how the police operation unfolded. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [38] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/after-cloud-studies [title] => After Cloud Studies [timestamp] => 1654034400 [author] => [content] => Our statement titled "Forensic Architecture stands with Palestine" was removed from Cloud Studies (2021) at the Whitworth Art Gallery following pressure from groups such as UKLFI. The statement was subsequently reinstated after persistent action. This archive chronicles the attempted censorship and ensuing controversy. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [39] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-shelling-of-khudair-warehouse-chemical-warfare-by-indirect-means [title] => The Shelling of Khudair Warehouse: Chemical Warfare by Indirect Means [timestamp] => 1653688800 [author] => [content] => Marking the launch of Al-Haq’s Forensic Architecture Investigation Unit based in Ramallah, we examined the circumstances of the 15 May 2021 Israeli bombing of the Khudair Pharmaceuticals and Agricultural Tools Company in Beit Lahiya—the largest agricultural chemical warehouse in Gaza—as part of the environmental disaster imposed on Palestinians. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [40] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/living-archaeology-in-gaza [title] => Living Archaeology in Gaza [timestamp] => 1645570800 [author] => [content] => Decades of bombings and humanitarian disaster inflicted by the Israeli occupation have posed a constant threat not only to Palestinian lives but also to their cultural heritage. FA has conducted the first open-source excavation of this remarkable archaeological site along Gaza’s coastline, illustrating the myriad risks it faces. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [41] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/pushbacks-across-the-evros-meric-river-the-case-of-parvin [title] => Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: The Case of Parvin [timestamp] => 1643756400 [author] => [content] => At Europe’s southeastern river border, migrants report being beaten, detained, and illegally ‘pushed back’ to Turkey from Greece by unidentified masked men. Greek and EU authorities refuse to investigate. We worked with Parvin, a young woman from Iran, to analyse evidence she had gathered during her crossings and reconstruct her journey and experiences of ‘pushback’. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [42] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/hanau-the-arena-bar [title] => Racist Terror Attack in Hanau: The Arena Bar [timestamp] => 1639954800 [author] => [content] => On 19 February 2020, in Hanau, Germany, a racist terror attack left nine people dead, six of them in or near the local Arena bar. There are reports that the bar’s emergency exit was routinely locked, and the victims of the attack didn’t run towards it for that reason. We examined whether, had they tried to do so, and it had been open, they could have survived the attack. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [43] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/land-dispossession-in-nueva-colonia [title] => Dispossession and The Memory of the Earth: Land Dispossession in Nueva Colonia [timestamp] => 1639090800 [author] => [content] => This investigation shows how the dispossession of campesino farmers in the Urabá Antioqueño region of Nueva Colonia was achieved by a combination of physical violence, environmental transformations and legal means. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [44] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/enforced-disappearance-at-the-palacio-de-justicia [title] => The Black Boxes of Disappearance: Enforced Disappearance in the Siege of the Palace of Justice [timestamp] => 1639090800 [author] => [content] => Our investigation examines the actions of the Colombian security forces in the aftermath of the 1985 siege of the Palace of Justice that resulted in the enforced disappearance of cafeteria workers, students, visitors, guerrillas, and judges. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [45] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-murder-of-lucas-villa [title] => The Murder of Lucas Villa [timestamp] => 1638745200 [author] => [content] => On the 5th of May 2021, Lucas Villa, a Colombian student, was shot and fatally wounded in Pereira, Colombia while participating in the National Strike. Our findings suggest Lucas was targeted in a coordinated assassination. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [46] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/digital-violence-how-the-nso-group-enables-state-terror [title] => Digital Violence: How the NSO Group Enables State Terror [timestamp] => 1625263200 [author] => [content] => Supported by Amnesty International and the Citizen Lab, Forensic Architecture’s Digital Violence investigation is a multidimensional study of the global use of the malware Pegasus made by Israeli cyber-surveillance company NSO Group. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [47] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/environmental-racism-in-death-alley-louisiana [title] => Environmental Racism in Death Alley, Louisiana [timestamp] => 1624831200 [author] => [content] => A stretch of the Mississippi River once called 'Plantation Country' is now the 'Petrochemical Corridor', known to those who breathe its toxic air as 'Death Alley'. Using advanced techniques in cartography and fluid dynamics, we worked to support local demands for accountability and reparations. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [48] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/european-arms-in-the-bombing-of-yemen [title] => European Arms in the Bombing of Yemen [timestamp] => 1624312800 [author] => [content] => Since 2015, airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen have constituted grave human rights violations. Partners across the Investigative Commons developed an interactive map to reveal the extent to which arms producers and governments in Europe continue to profit from arms exports despite evidence of their substantial contribution to the military operations of the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [49] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/torture-and-detention-in-myanmar [title] => Torture and Detention in Myanmar [timestamp] => 1623794400 [author] => [content] => Since the February 1st coup over 6,000 people have been detained in covert facilities in Myanmar. Forensic Architecture was invited by Al Jazeera to verify the location and layout of a detention centre where four witnesses were held. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [50] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-extrajudicial-execution-of-ahmad-erekat [title] => The Extrajudicial Execution of Ahmad Erekat [timestamp] => 1614034800 [author] => [content] => On 23 June 2020, Ahmad Erekat, a 26-year-old Palestinian, was shot by Israeli occupation forces after his car crashed into a booth at an illegal checkpoint in the occupied West Bank in Palestine. Working in collaboration with the Palestinian human rights organization Al-Haq, Forensic Architecture’s Palestine Unit was asked by the Erekat family to examine the incident. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [51] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/nso-groups-breach-of-private-data-with-fleming-a-covid-19-contact-tracing-software [title] => NSO Group’s Breach of Private Data with ‘Fleming’, a COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Software [timestamp] => 1609282800 [author] => [content] => In May 2020, an unprotected database belonging to Israeli cyber-weapons manufacturer NSO Group’s COVID-19 contact tracing software called 'Fleming' was left exposed. NSO denied there was a security breach. Forensic Architecture analysed a sample of the exposed database, which suggested that the data was based on ‘real’ personal data belonging to unsuspecting civilians. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [52] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/tear-gas-in-plaza-de-la-dignidad [title] => Tear Gas in Plaza de la Dignidad [timestamp] => 1608418800 [author] => [content] => On 20 December 2019, the Chilean security forces used unprecedented quantities of tear gas within a relatively small area against people engaging in peaceful and unarmed protest. Using visual open source analysis and fluid dynamic simulation, we measured the concentration of tear gas in air and on the ground to estimate the scale of health risks posed on civilians on this day. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [53] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-zineb-redouane [title] => The Killing of Zineb Redouane [timestamp] => 1606690800 [author] => [content] => 80-year-old Zineb Redouane was fatally wounded by a tear gas grenade as she stood at the window of her fourth-floor apartment, as protests continued in the streets outside. A ballistics report cleared the officer who fired the shot of wrongdoing. Working with Disclose, we re-examined the case. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [54] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/beirut-port-explosion [title] => The Beirut Port Explosion [timestamp] => 1605567600 [author] => [content] => The explosions that ripped through the port of Beirut in 2020 devastated the city, leaving as many as 300,000 homeless. Following calls for an independent investigation, we mapped the contents of the warehouse where the blast originated and the spread of fire that instigated it, and have released our 3D models of the incident as a free resource for investigators and civil society. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [55] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/intentional-fires-in-papua [title] => Intentional Fires in Papua [timestamp] => 1605135600 [author] => [content] => An Indonesian-Korean palm oil conglomerate named Korindo intentionally used fires as part of the process of clearing vast areas of forest in remote areas of the Indonesia province of Papua. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [56] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-death-of-adama-traore [title] => The Death of Adama Traoré [timestamp] => [author] => [content] => The 2016 death of a man in police custody raised troubling questions, but medical examiners later cleared the officers involved of any wrongdoing. We built multiple reconstructions of each key moment of the incident, exposing contradictions in the officers' accounts, and gaps between the official account, and the evidence. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [57] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/evros-situated-testimony [title] => Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: Situated Testimony [timestamp] => 1603058400 [author] => [content] => At Europe’s southeastern river border, migrants report being beaten, detained, and illegally ‘pushed back’ to Turkey from Greece by unidentified masked men. Greek and EU authorities refuse to investigate. We used architectural and gaming software to gather evidence that proves the practice is widespread and systematic. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [58] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/evros-kuzey-evidence [title] => The Case of Kuzey: Evidence [timestamp] => 1602712800 [author] => [content] => The case of Kuzey. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [59] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/evros-fady-evidence [title] => The Case of Fady: Evidence [timestamp] => 1602712800 [author] => [content] => The case of Fady. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [60] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-muhammad-al-arab [title] => The Killing of Muhammad al-Arab [timestamp] => 1593727200 [author] => [content] => When Turkey mobilized refugees and migrants to cross into Greece, reports emerged that Greek forces had responded with live fire, causing casualties. We confirmed that, despite Greece’s denials, automatic rounds were fired from the Greek side of the border and one person, Muhammad al-Arab, was shot dead near a group of armed Greek soldiers. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [61] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/police-brutality-at-the-black-lives-matter-protests [title] => Police Brutality at the Black Lives Matter Protests [timestamp] => 1603839600 [author] => [content] => Protests against racialized police violence have swept the US, following the killings of George Floyd and others. Those protests have themselves been met with egregious brutality by police. With Bellingcat, we built a comprehensive archive of that systemic violence, to support accountability efforts. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [62] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/pushbacks-in-melilla-nd-and-nt-vs-spain [title] => Pushbacks in Melilla: ND and NT v. Spain [timestamp] => 1592172000 [author] => [content] => The case of ND and NT v. Spain was the first trial at the European Court of Human Rights to address pushbacks at Europe’s land borders. The Court’s decision to acquit Spain was based on a gross distortion of facts. Using data from asylum applications and spatial analysis, we demonstrate that no legal routes to ask for protection are available to Black migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [63] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-mark-duggan [title] => The Killing of Mark Duggan [timestamp] => 1591653600 [author] => [content] => Mark Duggan’s killing by police led to the most widespread social unrest in the UK in a generation. A decade on, what happened remains unclear. Using information in the public domain, we analysed both the event of the shooting, and the official investigations, in closer detail than ever before. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [64] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/expulsions [title] => Expulsions Platform [timestamp] => 1588802400 [author] => [content] => Forced displacements and archaeological destruction in the mega-mining project Mirador in the Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuadorian Amazonia. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [65] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/cloudstudies [title] => Cloud Studies [timestamp] => 1590703200 [author] => [content] => Toxic clouds colonise the air we breathe. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [66] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-muhammad-gulzar [title] => The Killing of Muhammad Gulzar [timestamp] => 1588888800 [author] => [content] => After Turkey started encouraging refugees and migrants to cross the Evros/Meriç land border into Greece, reports emerged that Greek forces had responded with live fire, causing multiple casualties. Despite Greece’s official denials, we confirmed that live rounds were indeed fired from the Greek side of the border, that several people were wounded, and one person, Muhammad Gulzar, was killed. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [67] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/model-zoo [title] => Model Zoo [timestamp] => 1582153200 [author] => [content] => Since 2018, Forensic Architecture has been working with ‘synthetic images’—photorealistic digital renderings of 3D models—to train machine learning classifiers. Model Zoo includes a growing collection of 3D models of munitions and weapons, as well as the different classifiers trained to identify them making a catalogue of some of the most horrific weapons used in conflict today. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [68] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-beating-of-faisal-al-natsheh [title] => The Beating of Faisal al-Natsheh [timestamp] => 1582153200 [author] => [content] => In 2017, an Israeli soldier, now member of the NGO Breaking the Silence, confessed to have gravely beaten a Palestinian man. Following the Israeli state attempts to discount the account, we built a VR tool to collect and cross-reference testimony from the soldier and other witnesses. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [69] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/shipwreck-at-the-threshold-of-europe [title] => Shipwreck at the Threshold of Europe, Lesvos, Aegean Sea [timestamp] => 1582066800 [author] => [content] => The death of more than 40 people off the coast of Lesvos in October 2015 was the single deadliest incident in Europe's 'long summer of migration'. One of the survivors, Amel Alzakout, recorded the shipwreck on a waterproof wrist camera. Her footage provides a unique, situated perspective of this tragic event at the threshold of Europe. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [70] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/detecting-tear-gas [title] => Detecting Tear Gas: Vision and Sound [timestamp] => 1582153200 [author] => [content] => This study documents several case studies undertaken by Forensic Architecture researchers and OSS contributors. Following on from research we released in early 2019, in the course of the year we have expanded our research in human rights and machine learning, with a particular focus on applications of synthetic data. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [71] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/pushbacks-across-the-evros-meric-river-the-case-of-ayse-erdogan [title] => Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: The case of Ayşe Erdoğan [timestamp] => 1581116400 [author] => [content] => Ayşe Erdoğan crossed the Evros/Meriç river into Greece in 2019, fleeing persecution in Turkey. She and two friends recorded their journey. Using messages, location data, photos, and videos, we confirmed they had reached Greece before being ‘pushed back’, and arrested and imprisoned in Turkey. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [72] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/pushbacks-across-the-evros-meric-river-analysis-of-video-evidence [title] => Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: Analysis of video evidence [timestamp] => 1576191600 [author] => [content] => At southeastern Europe’s river border, refugees report being beaten, detained, and illegally ‘pushed back’ to Turkey from Greece by unidentified masked men. Working with Der Spiegel, we analysed the first footage of a pushback in progress, and tried to identify those responsible. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [73] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/nivin [title] => Privatised Push-Back of the Nivin [timestamp] => 1576623600 [author] => [content] => Five months after Italy began to close its ports to migrants rescued at sea, a vessel carrying 93 people was spotted in the southern Mediterranean. The Italian and Libyan Coast Guards enlisted a private merchant ship to rescue the migrants and forcefully return them to Libya. Using tracking data and testimonies, Forensic Oceanography exposed a new mode of privatised border security. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [74] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/oil-and-gas-pollution-in-vaca-muerta [title] => Oil and Gas Pollution in Vaca Muerta [timestamp] => 1571004000 [author] => [content] => Vaca Muerta is one of the world's largest fossil fuel resources. The 2013 arrival of the international oil and gas industry to the region has irreversibly changed its landscape, inflicting widespread environmental damage. We used satellite images and anthropological reports to investigate the industry's impact upon the traditional ways of life of the indigenous Mapuche people who live there. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [75] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-harith-augustus [title] => The Killing of Harith Augustus [timestamp] => 1568757600 [author] => [content] => When police shot Harith Augustus to death not far from his South Shore barbershop, the Chicago police called it a legitimate 'split-second' decision. We unpacked that split second at six different time scales, from milliseconds to years. Our investigation uncovered multiple violations by Chicago police, including, not for the first time, withholding critical video evidence from the public. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [76] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/matchking-warren-b-kanders-and-the-israel-defense-forces [title] => MatchKing: Warren B. Kanders and the Israeli army [timestamp] => 1557784800 [author] => [content] => Warren B. Kanders, formerly vice chair of the board of trustees of New York's Whitney Museum, is connected to the US-based manufacturer Sierra Bullets. Sierra's 'Matchking' bullet is used by military snipers around the world. We traced a line from a manufacturing plant in Missouri to Gaza's eastern border, connecting Kanders to violence committed there against Palestinians by the Israeli army. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [77] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ape-law [title] => Ape Law [timestamp] => 1477087200 [author] => [content] => What can we accept as a 'human being'? How does this question interact with shifting environmental thresholds, and the political limits of territory and sovereignty? [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [78] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/conflict-shorelines [title] => Conflict Shorelines [timestamp] => 1562277600 [author] => [content] => The relation between warfare and climate change is identifiable along two climatic thresholds – the threshold of the desert and that of the rainforest. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [79] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/shooting-in-kafr-qaddum [title] => Shooting in Kafr Qaddum [timestamp] => 1567548000 [author] => [content] => Every Friday, residents of the Palestinian village of Kafr Qaddum gather to protest against the confiscation of their land by Israeli colonies. On one such Friday, nine-year-old Abd el-Rahman Shatawi was shot by an Israeli soldier, while outside his friend's house, near to the protest. Using videos shared with us by activists, we unpacked the events that led to the shooting. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [80] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/experiments-in-synthetic-data [title] => Experiments in Synthetic Data [timestamp] => 1541458800 [author] => [content] => In many investigative contexts, the abundance of potentially relevant data presents a significant challenge to constructing a case. To this end, we use machine learning tools where appropriate to channel investigative resources effectively when processing footage from YouTube, Vimeo, or other media sources. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [81] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/timemap-for-cartographic-platforms [title] => Using Timemap for Cartographic Platforms [timestamp] => 1557871200 [author] => [content] => Timemap and datasheet-server work together to interactively serve geospatial events from a Google Sheet. The sheet must be formatted appropriately for this to work. This tutorial will walk you through setting up for this example Google Sheet. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [82] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/cv-in-triple-chaser [title] => Computer Vision in Triple Chaser [timestamp] => 1543532400 [author] => [content] => For our contribution to the 2019 Whitney Biennial at New York’s Whitney Museum of American Art, we developed a machine learning and computer vision workflow to identify tear gas grenades in digital images. We focused on a specific brand of tear gas grenade: the Triple-Chaser CS grenade in the catalogue of Defense Technology, which is a leading manufacturer of ‘less-lethal’ munitions. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [83] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-battle-of-ilovaisk [title] => The Battle of Ilovaisk [timestamp] => 1566165600 [author] => [content] => The victory of pro-Russian separatists over the Ukrainian army in the battle for control of Ilovaisk was a defining moment in the 2014 conflict in eastern Ukraine. We used machine learning to search for evidence of Russian military involvement. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [84] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/herbicidal-warfare-in-gaza [title] => Herbicidal Warfare in Gaza [timestamp] => 1563487200 [author] => [content] => Since 2014, Israeli military bulldozing of agricultural and residential lands along the eastern border of occupied Gaza has been complemented by unannounced aerial spraying of crop-killing herbicides. Piecing together farmer testimonies, satellite imagery, and drift analysis, we investigated the unique destructive signature of a single spraying event in April 2017, along the border in Khan Younes. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [85] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/drought-of-hamoun-lake [title] => Drought of Hamoun Lake [timestamp] => 1550185200 [author] => [content] => Hamoun, a lake located on the border of Iran and Afghanistan has gradually disappeared within the course of 30 years. Does the rate of its disappearance correspond to the rate with which other forms of conflicts have escalated in the region? [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [86] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/conquer-and-divide [title] => Conquer and Divide [timestamp] => 1559685600 [author] => [content] => In 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In the five decades that followed, the state of Israel has chipped away at Palestinian space through legislative, legal, and military means, restricting the freedoms of Palestinian civilians, and denying them their rights. In partnership with B'Tselem, we told that story through an interactive, scrolling cartography. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [87] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/triple-chaser [title] => Triple-Chaser [timestamp] => 1557698400 [author] => [content] => When US border agents fired tear gas grenades at civilians, including children, photographs linked the grenades to the Safariland Group, which is owned by Warren B. Kanders, the vice chair of the board of trustees of the Whitney Museum of American Art. In response to our invitation to the Whitney Biennial 2019, we developed machine learning classifiers to search for Safariland munitions online. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [88] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-zak-kostopoulos [title] => The Killing of Zak Kostopoulos [timestamp] => 1554760800 [author] => [content] => In broad daylight, in a crowded street in central Athens, a young LGBTQ activist is brutally assaulted. Passers-by paused to watch. Police arrived, violently apprehended the young man, and by the time he reached a hospital, he was dead. At the request of his family, we pieced together the available video evidence. What was the motive for the attack? And who is the man in the yellow t-shirt? [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [89] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/chemical-attacks-in-al-lataminah [title] => Chemical Attacks in Al Lataminah [timestamp] => 1555192800 [author] => [content] => When the Syrian regime was accused of chemical weapons attacks, Russia's foreign ministry held a press conference to defend their allies. But the information presented there gave away important clues that Syria had indeed been responsible. Building on the work of Bellingcat, we built a digital model of the M4000 chemical bomb in which to bring together those physical clues. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [90] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-rouzan-al-najjar [title] => The Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar [timestamp] => 1556143200 [author] => [content] => Amid the chaos and violence of the Great March of Return, a young Palestinian medic is struck and killed by a sniper's bullet. Together with the New York Times we used photogrammetry, video analysis, and figure modelling to locate the victim among the crowd at the moment she was shot, and traced a line of fire back to a sand berm on the Israeli side of the border fence. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [91] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-tahir-elci [title] => The Killing of Tahir Elçi [timestamp] => 1549580400 [author] => [content] => In the context of rising tensions in Turkey's Kurdish-majority regions, Tahir Elçi's killing was a seismic event. The manner of his death was controversial, and only partially documented. We analysed the evidence frame-by-frame, and narrowed down the scope of who should be considered a suspect. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [92] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/lethal-warning-the-killing-of-luai-kahil-and-amir-a-nimrah [title] => Lethal Warning: The killing of Luai Kahil and Amir al-Nimrah [timestamp] => 1545001200 [author] => [content] => Two children died when an Israeli 'warning strike' hit a building in Gaza City. When the Israeli army shared videos of the attack, the strike that killed the teenagers had been removed. Why did the IDF manipulate their own footage? And what does the incident mean for the 'warning strike' policy? [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [93] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/torture-and-detention-in-burundi [title] => Torture and Detention in Burundi [timestamp] => 1543878000 [author] => [content] => A video posted to social media shows what looks like blood pouring from the drains of an unremarkable suburban house in Burundi’s capital. What was going on behind its walls? Employing our techniques of situated testimony, and collaborating with investigative reporters, we sought to find out. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [94] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-murder-of-pavlos-fyssas [title] => The Murder of Pavlos Fyssas [timestamp] => 1537480800 [author] => [content] => The murder of an anti-fascist rapper by a member of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn could bring an end to the group's political ambitions. We analysed CCTV and police audio recordings to reconstruct the events of the night. Our evidence, presented to an Athens courtroom, poses difficult questions for the Greek police. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [95] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-destruction-of-yazidi-cultural-heritage [title] => The Destruction of Yazidi Cultural Heritage [timestamp] => 1537394400 [author] => [content] => In August 2014, ISIL invaded the Sinjar, northern Iraq, home of the Yazidi religious minority. Thousands were enslaved, executed or displaced, and religious buildings were torn down. We trained Yazda researchers in our techniques, and worked together to document the physical traces of genocide. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [96] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/chemical-attacks-in-douma [title] => Chemical Attacks in Douma [timestamp] => 1531864800 [author] => [content] => Allegations of chemical attacks lead inevitably to conflict and discord on social media, and competing claims from reporters and politicians around the world. Working with the New York Times, we developed innovative new techniques to help cut through the confusion with material facts. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [97] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-oscar-perez [title] => The Killing of Óscar Pérez [timestamp] => 1526162400 [author] => [content] => A former intelligence agent turned rebel live-streamed his final hours on social media during a tense stand-off with security forces in El Junquito, near Caracas. We used that footage to try to answer: did the agent try to surrender? Were he and his group murdered by the state? [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [98] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/seawatch-vs-the-libyan-coastguard [title] => Sea Watch vs the Libyan Coastguard [timestamp] => 1525384800 [author] => [content] => When the Libyan coastguard interrupted a rescue operation by the NGO Sea Watch, at least twenty migrants lost their lives, and more were ‘pulled back’ to inhumane detention in Libya. Forensic Oceanography shone a light on the practices of a coastguard funded and trained by the Italian government. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [99] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-seizure-of-the-iuventa [title] => The Seizure of the Iuventa [timestamp] => 1524175200 [author] => [content] => The Iuventa has rescued over ten thousand people from the Mediterranean since it began operating in 2016. When the vessel was impounded by Italian authorities under suspicion of collusion with people smugglers, we used video evidence and meteorological data to refute the allegations. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [100] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-grenfell-tower-fire [title] => The Grenfell Tower Fire [timestamp] => 1521586800 [author] => [content] => The Grenfell Tower fire was unprecedented in UK history—not least because of the scale of publicly available information about the night. We are building an interactive platform that will synthesise that information to create the most comprehensive account of what exactly happened that night. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [101] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-ali-enterprises-factory-fire [title] => The Ali Enterprises Factory Fire [timestamp] => 1517266800 [author] => [content] => 260 people died when fire broke out in a factory that made textiles for a German retailer. We exposed failings of regulation and inspection, from overcrowding to a lack of fire escapes, in support of a legal claim against the retailer that could break new ground in corporate responsibility. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [102] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-enforced-disappearance-of-the-ayotzinapa-students [title] => The Enforced Disappearance of the Ayotzinapa Students [timestamp] => 1506376800 [author] => [content] => When Mexican police and local organised crime coordinated to attack a group of students, six people were murdered, forty wounded and forty-three 'disappeared'. We built an interactive platform to explore what happened that night, and to expose the inconsistencies in the state’s investigation of its own involvement in one of the most shocking moments of violence in the history of modern Mexico. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [103] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/torture-and-detention-in-cameroon [title] => Torture and Detention in Cameroon [timestamp] => 1500501600 [author] => [content] => In the US-backed war against Boko Haram, Cameroon’s security forces are detaining and torturing civilians with impunity. Investigating allegations made by survivors from two sites of illegal detention, we found US military personnel living and working in close proximity to sites of torture. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [104] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/destruction-and-return-in-al-araqib [title] => Destruction and Return in al-Araqib [timestamp] => 1498514400 [author] => [content] => The Bedouin village of al-Araqib has been demolished over 120 times since 1954. Every time, the villagers return. Using aerial imagery and archaeological surveys, and in collaboration of local families, we provided evidence of ongoing inhabitation, against their dispossession by the Israeli state [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [105] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-indonesia [title] => Ecocide in Indonesia [timestamp] => 1490911200 [author] => [content] => In Kalimantan and Sumatra, fires consumed over 21,000sq. km of forest and farmland in 2015. Combining fieldwork with satellite image analysis, we established that drainage and ‘monocropping’ by agricultural corporations were direct causes, supporting calls for recognition of a new crime: ecocide. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [106] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-murder-of-halit-yozgat [title] => The Murder of Halit Yozgat [timestamp] => 1496872800 [author] => [content] => Halit Yozgat was murdered by neo-Nazis at the desk of his internet café in Kassel, Germany, while a state intelligence agent was sitting just metres away. The agent claimed he didn’t hear the gunshots, didn’t smell the gunpowder, and didn’t see the body. Using digital models and 1:1 physical reconstructions, we tested those claims. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [107] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/chemical-attack-in-khan-sheikhoun [title] => Chemical Attack in Khan Sheikhoun [timestamp] => 1486249200 [author] => [content] => The truth of an apparent chemical attack in the Syrian town of Khan Sheikhoun quickly became obscured behind allegations and counter-allegations. With Human Rights Watch, we investigated what the precise dimensions of the impact crater could tell us about the munition that had caused it. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [108] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/airstrikes-on-al-hamidiah-hospital [title] => Airstrikes on al-Hamidiah Hospital [timestamp] => 1485385200 [author] => [content] => When twenty-five people were killed when a hospital operated by Médicins Sans Frontières was struck by two air strikes, both the Russian and Syrian governments denied responsibility. By locating and analysing multiple video sources, we attempted to assign responsibility for the attacks. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [109] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/airstrikes-on-the-al-jinah-mosque [title] => Airstrikes on the al-Jinah Mosque [timestamp] => 1492380000 [author] => [content] => When two Hellfire missiles destroyed the Sayidina Omar Ibn al-Khattab mosque during evening prayer, thirty-eight civilians died. Piecing together available videos and aerial imagery, we challenged the Pentagon’s claim that the site was an al-Qaeda meeting house, forcing condemnation from the UN. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [110] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/airstrikes-on-m2-hospital [title] => Airstrikes on M2 Hospital [timestamp] => 1486940400 [author] => [content] => Omar Bin Abdul Aziz Hospital was struck fourteen times by munitions fired by the Syrian army, including cluster and barrel bombs. Within a digital model, we corroborated multiple sources of CCTV footage to support claims that Syria and its allies were intentionally targeting civilian hospitals. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [111] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/killing-in-umm-al-hiran [title] => Killing in Umm al-Hiran [timestamp] => 1547852400 [author] => [content] => A police raid on an ‘illegalised’ Bedouin village in the Naqab/Negev desert led to the deaths of a local man and an Israeli policeman. Police quickly blamed the man for what they called a ‘terror attack’. In fact, as we exposed, Israeli police had fired unprovoked on an innocent driver, causing him to crash into them. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [112] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/saydnaya [title] => Torture in Saydnaya Prison [timestamp] => 1471298400 [author] => [content] => Since the start of the Syrian Civil War, thousands of Syrians have been detained, tortured and executed at the notorious Saydnaya Prison. Using architectural and acoustic modelling, we worked with five survivors to rebuild the prison and explore their memories of life and death inside its walls. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [113] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/death-by-rescue-the-lethal-effects-of-non-assistance-at-sea [title] => Death By Rescue: The lethal effects of non-assistance at sea [timestamp] => 1460930400 [author] => [content] => Changing EU policies toward the rescue of migrants resulted in over a thousand deaths in the Mediterranean in the space of one week. Working with survivors and available shipping data, we recreated the incidents and explored the consequences of making rescue vessels out of commercial ships. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [114] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/airstrikes-in-atimah [title] => Airstrikes in Atimah [timestamp] => 1455577200 [author] => [content] => When three bombs landed at the edge of a camp where more than thirty thousand internally-displaced people were sheltered, nobody claimed responsibility. Using available satellite and smartphone imagery, we determined the location of the strikes, and other information about the munitions. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [115] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-bombing-of-rafah [title] => The Bombing of Rafah [timestamp] => 1438293600 [author] => [content] => When an Israeli soldier was captured and taken into the tunnels below Rafah, the full force of Israel’s military was unleashed. Using smartphone footage and satellite imagery, we mapped the destruction as over two thousand munitions were fired into the city in a single day. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [116] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/pattrn-software-for-citizen-driven-mapping [title] => Pattrn: Open source software for citizen-driven mapping [timestamp] => 1452553200 [author] => [content] => PATTRN is an open-source software developed by Forensic Architecture to support participatory, real-time, citizen-led mapping in conflict zones. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [117] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-gaza-platform-the-2014-gaza-war [title] => The Gaza Platform: Israel's 2014 offensive [timestamp] => 1436306400 [author] => [content] => Over 2000 people died in under 2 months during the Israeli assault on Gaza. Working with local and international NGOs, we built a platform to map almost 3000 individual events, creating a public repository of testimony and data about the offensive—and a template for documenting future conflicts. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [118] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-nadeem-nawara-and-mohammed-abu-daher [title] => The Killing of Nadeem Nawara and Mohammed Abu Daher [timestamp] => 1416438000 [author] => [content] => When Israeli military police killed two Palestinian teenagers, the event was recorded by security cameras, US news teams, and photographers. Using that footage, our audio and image analysis exposed a tactic by which Israeli personnel disguise live rounds as rubber-coated ‘non-lethal’ munitions. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [119] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/knock-on-the-roof-drone-strike-in-beit-lahiya [title] => Knock on the Roof: Drone strike in Beit Lahiya [timestamp] => 1394492400 [author] => [content] => An anti-tank missile, fired at the home of the Salha family, left just a small hole in the roof. The bomb that followed three minutes later destroyed the house, killing six people. We interviewed surviving family members and investigated the tactics of the ‘warning shot’. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [120] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/drone-strike-in-miranshah [title] => Drone Strike in Miranshah [timestamp] => 1394492400 [author] => [content] => Video footage of the aftermath of a drone strike that killed four people was smuggled across siege lines before being broadcast on MSNBC. We analysed the footage frame-by-frame to confirm the location of the building, the consequences of the strike, and the munition used. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [121] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/drone-strike-in-mir-ali [title] => Drone Strike in Mir Ali [timestamp] => 1366063200 [author] => [content] => A drone strike killed five people in their home. One woman and her infant son survived. We reconstructed the home and investigated aspects of the strike and its aftermath, using digital models to unlock new memories in the witness. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [122] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/drone-strikes-on-a-jirga-in-datta-khel [title] => Drone Strikes on a Jirga in Datta Khel [timestamp] => 1382652000 [author] => [content] => A strike on a community gathering in Datta Khel, Pakistan, killed at least forty-three civilians. We cross-referenced witness statements, local press reports and satellite imagery to construct a picture of what had taken place. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [123] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-drone-strikes-platform [title] => The Drone Strikes Platform [timestamp] => 1400796000 [author] => [content] => Civilian homes were the target of sixty-one percent of all reported drone strikes conducted by the CIA in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas between 2004 and 2014. We turned a database of those strikes, compiled by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, into an interactive cartography. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [124] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/environmental-violence-and-genocide-in-the-ixil-triangle [title] => Genocide in the Ixil Triangle [timestamp] => 1391209200 [author] => [content] => The genocide of the Ixil people was accompanied by widespread deforestation and environmental violence. We analysed and traced the state’s simple logic: control the Ixil through the destruction of the conditions on which their ways of life depended. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [125] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/living-death-camp-staro-sajmiste [title] => Living Death Camp: the archaeology of Staro Sajmište [timestamp] => 1380924000 [author] => [content] => Staro Sajmište, once the site of a ‘world’s fair’, became a Nazi concentration camp. The Roma community that later lived there—including descendents of the camp’s victims—is threatened by plans to build a Holocaust memorial at the site. We surveyed the site to support their efforts to remain. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [126] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-left-to-die-boat [title] => The Left-to-Die Boat [timestamp] => 1334095200 [author] => [content] => A migrants’ boat was left drifting for two weeks in NATO-monitored waters, its presence known to the Italian coastguard and other nearby vessels. Sixty-three people died. Using an array of sensing technologies—thermal cameras, radar, and tracking—Forensic Oceanography mapped the path of the boat. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [127] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/white-phosphorus-in-urban-environments [title] => The Use of White Phosphorus in Urban Environments [timestamp] => 1352674800 [author] => [content] => The 2008–2009 conflict saw the use by Israeli forces of white phosphorus, a toxic, flammable and corrosive airborne munition. We analysed the use and effects of the weapon in support of calls to make its use illegal, and presented our report to a 2012 UN convention. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [128] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-bassem-abu-rahma [title] => The Killing of Bassem Abu Rahma [timestamp] => 1269730800 [author] => [content] => An unarmed demonstrator was killed by a tear-gas canister fired across the West Bank barrier wall. The army denied it was intentional. We used footage from three cameras to prove that the soldier had intended to kill. Israeli authorities reopened the investigation, but no soldier was ever charged. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) [129] => Array ( [uri] => https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-wall-in-battir [title] => Stopping the Wall in Battir [timestamp] => 1420326000 [author] => [content] => Israel’s separation wall in the West Bank threatened to destroy historic Palestinian farmland. We supported human rights lawyers to build a pioneering—and successful—legal argument on environmental and heritage grounds. [enclosures] => Array ( ) [categories] => Array ( ) [uid] => ) ) )